Religious Movements (600 BC - 400 BC)
Buddhism
- Founder - Gautama Buddha, Sakyamuni, Tathagata
- Born - 563 BC, on Vaisakha Purnima day in Lumbinivana(Rummindehi, Nepal) in the Sakya Kshatriya Clan and got Symbol of "Lotus/Bull"
- Father - Suddhodhana king of Kapilvastu
- Mother - Mahamaya princess of Kollia/Kosala
- Step Mother - Mahaprajapati Gautami
- Married to - Yasodhara (Shakya Dynasty)
- Son - Rahula
- Four Sights - Old Man, Diseased Person, Dead Body and Ascetic (turning point of his carrier)
- Left his Place - In 29 year age (Search of Truth) - Mahabhinishkramana/The great Renunciation / Great Going Forth and got Symbol of "Horse"
- First Teacher - Alara Kalama (Sankhya Philosopher) - Learnt the technique of Meditation
- Second Teacher - Udraka Ramputra
- Enlightenment - In 35 year age, under Pipal Tree at Uruvella (Bodh Gaya)-Niranjana (Falgu) river after 49 day of continuous meditation and got Symbol of "Bodhi Tree"
- Bodhi Tree - Located Western side of temple & Buddha spent first week of the enlightenment. Presently fourth generation of Bodhi Tree
- Animeshhchan Chaitya Prayer Hall - Located on the Northern side of temple & Spent Second Week of enlightenment
- Ratnachakrama - Spent his third week of enlightenment where he walked(jewelled walking) eighteen paces back & forth. His steps have been marked by raished Lotus Stones
- Ratnaghar Chaitya - Spent his fourth week of enlightenment & Located Northeastern side of the park
- Ajapala Nigrodh Tree - Spent his fifth week of enlightenment. Located on east entrance of the central path & it's known as the Ajapala Nigrodh Tree under which Buddha mediated & heard the dilemma of Brahmanas
- Lotus Pond - Sixth week of Buddha enlightenment
- Rajyatana Tree - Seventh week of Buddha enlightenment
- Buddha/Tathagat - Called when fully Enlightened
- First Sermon - Sarnath(Dear Park) with his Five Disciples (Mahanama, Koudanna, Bhaddiya, Vappa & Asvajita) - Dharmachakra Pravartana (Turning of the Wheel of the Law) and got Symbol of "Wheel"
- Last Sermon - Vaishali
- Died/Nirvana - In 80 year age (483 BC) , Kushinagar (Uttar Pradesh) - Mahaparinirvana (Final Blowing Out) and got Symbol of "Stups"
- Kanthaka - Budhha Horse
- Channa - Buddha Charioteer
- Devadatta - Buddha Cousin
- Sujata - Farmer daughter who gave him rice milk at Bodh Gaya
- Other name of Buddha - Gautama (Clan name) & Siddharta (Childhood name)
- Subhadda became the very last convert & disciples of the Buddha (when Buddha died in Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh)
Ten Principal Disciples
The main disciples of Gautam Buddha
The ten disciples can be found as an iconographic group in notable place in the Mogao Cave (China)
These ten disciples are -
- Sariputra - First of the Buddha two chief disciples. Sariputra & Maudgalyayana were childhood friends & he was the first disciple the Buddha allowed to ordain other monks
- Mahakasyapa
- Subhuti
- Purna Maitrayani Putra
- Katyayana
- Anuruddha
- Upali (Born as a low caste Barber)
- Rahula (Son of Buddha)
- Ananda - Sutta-Pitaka are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha teaching during the First Buddhist Council & for that reason, he is known as the "Treasures of the Dhamma" & Ananda is the first cousin of the Buddha
Doctrine of Buddha
Four Noble Truth
- Dukha : Sabbam Dukkam
- Dukha Samudaya : Dwadash Nidan / Pratitya Samutpada
- Dukha Nirodha : Nirvana
- Dukha Nirodha Gamini / Pratipada : Ashtangika Marga (Eight Fold Path)
Eight Fold Path of Buddha
- Right Understanding
- Thought
- Speech
- Action
- Livelihood
- Effort
- Mindfulness
- Concentration
Triratna (Three Jewels of Buddhism)
- Buddha - The Enlightened/Founder
- Dharma - Doctrine/Teaching
- Sangha - Commune/Order of Buddhist Monks & Nuns
Buddhist Literature
Pali Text
- Tripitaka (Pitaka means Basket) - Buddhist Holy Texts and original texts were written on Palm leaves and kept in baskets
- Vinay Pitaka - Monastic Code/Rules and guidelines related to Monks
- Sutta Pitaka - Buddha Saying/Record of Buddha teaching & Sermon
- Abhidhamma Pitaka - Religious discourses of Buddha/Philosophy and doctrine of Buddhism
- Milindapanho - Questions of Milinda/Menander dialogue between Milinda & Buddhist saint Nagasena
- Dipavamsha & Mahavamsha - Great chronicles of Sri Lanka
Sanskrit Texts
- Ashwagosha - Buddhacharita, Saundarananda, Sutralankar, Sariputra Prakaran
- Vasumitra - Mahavibhasha Shastra
- Buddhagosha - Visudhamagga, Atthakathayen, Sumangalvasini
- Nagarjuna - Madhyamika Karika & Prajnaparimita Karika
Sect of Buddhism
Hinayana(Lesser Vehicle)
- Written in Pali Language
- Believed in the original teaching of Buddha
- Did not believe in idol worship
- Southern Buddhist Religion - Sri Lanka, Burma(Myanmar), Syam(Thailand), Java
- Two Subject - Vaibhasika & Sautantrika
Mahayana(Greater Vehicle)
- Written in Sanskrit Language
- Believed in the heavenliness of Buddha
- Believed in idol-worship
- Northern Buddhist Religion - China, Korea, Japan
- Two Subjects - Madhyamika/Shunyavada (founder - Nagarjuna), Yogachar/Yijnanavada (founder -Maitreyanath)
Vajrayana
- Vajra - Acquiring the Magical Power
- The Taras - Chief of divinities of this new sect
- Popular in Eastern India (Bengal & Bihar)
Bodhisattvas
- Vajrapani - Like Indra (hold a thunderbolt, foe of sin and evil)
- Avlokitesvara - the lord who look down or Padmapani (the lotus bearer ) : Kind hearted
- Manjushri(Stimulator of Understanding) - hold book describing 10 paramitas (spiritual perfections)
- Maitreya - The future Buddha
- Kshitigriha - Guardian of Purgatories
- Amitabha/Amitayusha - Buddha of heaven
Architecture
- Stupa - Relics of the Buddha or some prominent Buddhist monks are preserved
- Chaitya - Prayer hall
- Vihara - Residence/monasterics of Boddhist
- Sanchi Stupa - Built by Ashok in Vidisha(Madhya Pradesh)
- Nalanda University - Built by Kumargupta I(Gupta ruler) in Badagaon, Bihar
- Odantpuri - Built by Gopala (Pala ruler) in Biharsharif, Bihar
- Vikramshila University - Built by Dharmapala (Pala ruler) in Bhagalpur, Bihar
- Somapuri - Built by Dharmapala (Pala ruler) in North Bengal
- Jagadel - Built by Ramapala (Pala ruler) in Bengal
- Vallabhi - Built by Bhattarka (Maitrak ruler) in Gujarat
- Mahabodhi Temple - Built by king Ashoka in Bodh Gaya (Uruvela) situated by the bank of Niranjana River
- Peace Pagoda/Vishwa Shanti Stupa - Built in Rajgir under the guidance of Japanese Buddhist Monk
- Kesaria Stupa - Largest Buddhist stupa in the world built in East Champaran, Bihar
- Stupa of Sariputra (Rajgir) - Contains the bones of one of the two chief disciple of Gautam Buddha
- Ashoka Pillar (Vaishali) - It is also a Lion Pillar like Lion Capital of Ashoka and situated near Ramkund. This one has only one Lion Capital built by Ashoka at Kolhua and there is also a nearby brick stupa to this Ashoka pillar which is believed to commemorate the Last Sermon of Buddha
- Maniyar Math (Nalanda) - It is a cylindrical temple depecting snake & People of Magadha considered the serpent as God, who once satisfied provided rain
- Bakraur (Bodh Gaya) - Lord Buddha on his penance and eventual Enlightement was offered here Kheer (rice pudding) by a village maid Sujata
- Vajrasana (Bodh Gaya) - It is a Diamond throne in the Mahabodhi Temple and it's placed by emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire
- Chaukhandi Stupa (Sarnath) - Buddha met his five Disciples first time
- The Jewel Walk Shrine (Bodh Gaya) -
- The Buddha is believed to have walked back and forth between the location of the Animesh Lochan Stupa and the Bodhi tree
- Lotus flowers sprung up along this route (known as "Ratnachakrama" or as the Jewel Walk Shrine)
Patron of Buddhism
- Ashoka - Greatest patron of Buddhism (sent mission by his son Mahendra & his daughter Sanghamitra to Sri Lanka)
- Kanishka - Sent mission to China, Korea & Japan
- Palas of Bengal & Bihar were last great patrons of Buddhism
Buddhist Council
First Buddhist Council :
- Year - 483 BC
- Venue - Saptaparni Cave, Rajgriha
- Chairman - Mahakassapa/Mahakashyap
- Patron - Ajatashatru (Haryanka Dynasty)
- Result - Compilation of Sutta-Pitaka & Vinaya Pitaka by Ananda & Upali
Second Buddhist Council :
- Year - 383 BC
- Venue - Chullavanga, Vaishali
- Chairman - Sabbami/Sarvakami
- Patron - Kalashoka (Shisunga Dynasty)
- Result - Monks of Vaishali wanted some change in rites & Schism into Sthavira - Vadins and Mahasanghikas
Third Buddhist Council :
- Year - 250 BC
- Venue - Ashokarama Vihar, Patliputra
- Chairman - Magaliputta Tissa
- Patron - Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty)
- Result - Compilation of Abidhamma Pitaka & Decision to send missionaries to various part of the world
Fourth Buddhist Council :
- Year - 98 AD
- Venue - Kundalavana, Kashmir
- Chairman - Vasumitra (Chairman) & Ashvaghosa (Vice Chairman)
- Patron - Kanishka (Kushana Dynasty)
- Result - Compilation of Mahavibhasha Shastra (Vasumitra) & Division of Buddhist into Hinayanists & Mahayanists
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