Religious Movements (600 BC - 400 BC)
Jainism
- Founder - Rishabha / Adinatha (Birth - Ayodhya) & got Symbol of Bull
- Vishnu Purana / Bhagavat Purana - Describe "Rishabha" as an incarnation of Narayana
- Rishabha & Arishtanemi - Two Thirthankaras name found in "Rig Veda"
- Early 22 Thirthankaras is ambiguous
- Total 24 Thirthankaras in Jainism
- Parshwanath (23rd) & Mahavira (24th) - found historical proof of last two only
Four main Teaching (Chaturthi) of Parshwanath :
- Ahimsa - Non Injury / Do not Commit Violence
- Satya - Non Laying / Do not Speak Lie
- Asteya - Non Stealing / Do not Steal
- Aparigraha - Non Possession / Do not acquire property
Mahavira adopted all these four and added one more - Brahmacharya (Chastity)
Mahavira
- Real Founder of Jainism
- Born - 540 BC (Kundgrama, Vaishali - Bihar)
- Vardhman Mahavira - 24th Tirthankar (Symbol - Lion)
- Father - Siddhartha (head of Jnathrika Kshtriya)
- Mother - Trishala (sister of Chetaka, king of Vaishali)
- Bimbisara - Related to Lord Mahavira
- Married - Yashoda (daughter of Samavira King)
- Daughter - Anonja Priyadarshini (Husband - Jamali became the first disciple of Mahavira)
- Search of truth - Left his place at the age of 30 year
- Makkhali Gosala - Accompained but due to some difference Gosala left him & founded Ajivika Sect
- Kaivalya/Enlightement - Jimbhikagrama/Karnataka (Rijupalika River) under "Sal Tree" (at the age of 42 year) wonder for 12 year
He was called -
- Kevalin - Perfect Learned
- Jina/Jitendriya - One who conquered his senses
- Nrigrantha - Free from all bonds
- Arihant - Blessed one
- Mahavira - The Brave
- First Sermon - Pava, Rajgriha (Magadh) to his 11 disciples knowns as Gandharas/Gandharvas
- Founded - Jain Sangha (Jain Commune) at Pava
- Nirvana/Died - 72 year (468 BC) at Pavapuri, Biharsharif (Bihar)
- Pawapuri (Bihar) - Devotees from all over the world visit this place on Kartik Purnima to celebrate the Nirvana Mahotsav
- On the night of the Nirvana, people celebrated the Festival of Light (Dipavali) in his honor
- Sudharma - Only one of the 11 Gandharas who survived after the death of Mahavira
- Dhanpal - Poet of King Bhoj who accepted Jainism
Doctrine of Jainism
Triratna (Three Gems of Jainism) :
- Right Faith (Samyak Shradha/Viswas) - Belief in Thirathankaras
- Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnan) - Knowledge of the Jain creed
- Right Conduct/action (Samyak Karma/Acharana) - Practice of the five vows of Jainism
Panch Mahavaratas : Five Vows of Jainism
- Ahimsa - Non-Injury/Do not Commit Violence
- Satya - Non-Lying/Do not Speak Lie
- Asteya - Non-Stealing/Do not Steal
- Aparigraha - Non-Possession/Do not acquire property
- Brahmacharya - Chastity/Observe continence
Three Main Pillars of Jainism
- Ahimsa : Non-Violence
- Anekantavada : Non-Absolutism
- Aparigraha : Non-Attachment
Five types of Knowledge
- Mati Jnana - activity of sense organ (Mind)
- Shruta Jnana - knowledge revealed by scriptures
- Avadhi Jnana - clairvoyant perception
- Manahparyaya Jnana - Telepathic knowledge
- Keval Jnana - Temporal Knowledge/Omniscience
Syadvada
- The theory of May be/Perhaps : All our judgements are necessarily relative, conditional & limited
- Syadvada also known as Anekantvada (theory of plurality or multi sideness)
- Saptabhangi Nayavad - Seven mode of prediction
Principles of Jainism as Preached by Mahavira
- Rejected the authority of the Vedas & Vedic rituals
- Do not believe in the existence of God
- Believed in karma and the transmigration of soul
- Laid great emphasis on equality
Jain Literature
Svetambaras - Written in Prakrit/Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
Classified :
- 12 Angas
- 12 Upangas
- 10 Parikarnas
- 6 Chhedasutras
- 4 Mulaautras
- 2 Sutra-Granthas
- 14 Purvas/Parvans : Part of 12 Angas & Oldest text of Mahavira Preaching
- Kalpasutras (Sanskrit) - Holy book of Jain (Compiled by Bhadrabahu)
- Hemchandra - Bhadrabahu Charita, Parishishta Parvan
Sects of Jainism
Divided into two part in first Jain Assembly
- Shvetambaras - White Clad/those who put on white robes (Sthulabhadra)
- Digambaras - Sky-clad/those who were stark naked (Bhadrabahu)
Jain Council
First Jain Council :
- Year - 300 BC
- Venue - Patliputra
- Chairman - Sthulabhadra
- Patron - Chandragupta Maurya
- Result - Compilation of 12 Angas
Second Jain Council :
- Year - 512 AD
- Venue - Vallabhi
- Chairman - Devardhi Kshmasramana
- Result - Final Compilation of 12 Angas & 12 Upangas
Architecture and Important Place
- Orissa/Kharvela - Hathigumpha, Baghagumpha, Udaigiri & Khandagiri
- Gujarat - Giranar & Palitana
- Mount Abu (Rajasthan) - Dilwara Temple/Tejapala Temple & below four are part of Dilwara Temple
- Vimal Vasahi (Shri Adi Nathji Temple) - Oldest and it was constructed in 1021 with the aid of Vimal Shah, a first rate minister of Bhimdev 1st (Chalukya king of Gujarat) and this temple was dedicated to Adinath or Lord Rishabdev
- Pithalhar (Shri Rishabh Dev Ji Temple) - Constructed with the aid of Bhima Shah (a minister of Sultan Begada of Ahmedabad
- Khartar Vasahi/Shri Parshvanath ji Temple - Tallest of all of the Shrines at Dilwara
- Mahavir Swami (Shri Mahavir Swami Temple) - It's a small temple constructed in 1582 AD and Dedicated to Lord Mahavira
- Bhojpur - Bisram is located in Bhojpur district. Lord Mahavira, took rest for a short period at Bisram/rest during his wandering
- Kundalpur (Nalanda) - Birth place of Gautam Gandharva, first disciple of Mahavira. There are temples of Lord Mahavira, Adinath Swami and Gautam Gandharva
- Pawapuri - Mahavira breathed his last at this place. An exquisite marble temple in the middle of a Lotus Pond, the Jal Mandir and Built by King Nandivardhan, elder brother of Mahavira within the pond which is filled with red coloured lotus flower.
- Another Jain temple, called Samosharan is located in Pawapuri, where Lord Mahavira delivered his last teaching.
- Statue of Gometeshwar/Bahubali - Located at on the top of Vindhyagiri Hill ( Shravanbelgola/Karnataka) and this temple is famous for the world tallest monolithic stones statue. Mahamastakabhishekam a festival that takes place once in 12 year
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