- In India from 6th Century BC struggle between four states - Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa and Avanti for Supremacy
- Magadha enjoyed an advantageous geographical position in the age of Iron
- Rajgir - The richest Iron deposit were situated and capital of ancient Magadha
- Magadha lay at the centre of the middle Gangetic plain
- Magadha which first used elephants on a large scale in its war against its neighbours
Haryanaka Dynasty (544 BC-412 BC)
Brihadratha - First rular of Magadh Empire
Bimbisara(Shronika) : 544 BC-492 BC
- Real Founder of Haryanaka Dynasty
- Contemporary of Gautam Buddha (Great Friend & Protector)
- Married - Kosal Devi/Mahakosala (Sister of Kosal king Prasenjit) & Chellana (Sister of Lichchhavi head Chetaka) & Khema (Daughter of Madra King)
- Kashi - Gained as a dowry from Prasenjit of Kosala
- Conquered Anga
- Sent a royal physician Jivaka to Ujjain, when Avanti King Pradyota was suffered by Jaundice
- Seniya(First Indian king who had a regular & standing army)
- Built the City of New Rajagriha
- Capital - Rajgir, Girivraja
Ajatashatru(Kunika) : 492 BC-460 BC
- Son of Bimbisara
- Gained complete control over Kashi
- Three things that played important role to defeat the Vajji
- Sunidha & Vatsakar - Diplomatic Minister
- Rathamusala - Kind of Chariot
- Mahashilakantaka - A war engine which catapulted big stones
- Capital of Vajji - Kashi & Vaishali were added to Magadha
- Built - Fort of Rajagriha and a Watch-fort(Jaladurga) at a village called Patali, on the banks of the Ganga
Udayin : 460 BC-440 BC
- Son of Ajatashatru
- Found - City of Patliputra at the confluence of the Son and the Ganga
- Shifted the capital from Rajagriha to Patliputra
- Udayin was succeeded by Anuruddha, Munda & Naga Dasak
- Naga Dasak was the last ruler of Haryanaka Dynasty
Shisunga Dynasty : 412 BC-344 BC
- Founder - Shisunga(Minister of Naga Dasak)
- Shifted capital Rajagriha to Vaishali
- Shisunga conquered Avanti Kingdom by defeating Nandivardhan / Avantivardhana (Last king of Prodyota Dynasty)
- Shisunga was succeeded by Kalashoka (Kakavarna)
- Second Buddhist Council - 383 BC in Vaishali under patron of Kalashoka & his chairman Sarvakami
- Mahanandin - Last ruler of Shisunga Dynasty as per Puranas
Nanda Dynasty : 344 BC-323 BC
- Founder - Mahapadma Nanda (Barber)
- Mahanandin was killed by his illegitimate son from a shudra wife named Mahapadma
- Mahapadma is known Sarvakshatrantak - Uprooter of all the Kshatriyas (Puranas) Ugrasena (Owner of huge army)
- Puranas call Mahapadma Ekrat (the sole of Monarch)
- The first empire builder of India history
- First Non-kshatriya Dynasty
- Shifted back capital to Patiliputra
Dhanananda
- Eight son of Mahapadma
- Last king and identical with the Agrammes or Xandrames (Greek text)
- During Dhanananda - Alexander took place in North-West India in 326 BC
- Greek writer Curtius, Dhanananda commanded a huge army 20,000 cavalry, 2,00,000 infantry, 2,000 chariots and 3,000 elephants
- It was the might of Dhanananda that terrorised Alexander and stopped his March to the Gangetic Valley
- Nanda Dynasty came to an end about 322-21 BC and supplanted by another Dynasty known as Mauryas
Foreign Invasion
Iranian/Persian Invasion -Darius Invasion (518 BC)
- The Achaemenian ruler of Iran (Persia), who expanded their empire at the same time as the Magadhan Princes, took advantage of the political disunity on the North-West Frontier of India
- Darius 1st (Darayabahu) - Penetrated North-West India in 518 BC
- Annexed Punjab, West Indus & Sindh
- Kshatrapi (20th Province of Iran)
- Total 28 Provinces of Iranian Empire
- Indo-Iranian contact lasted for about 200 years
- Kharosthi Script - Iranian Scribe written from right to left like Arabic
Macedonia Invasion -Alexander Invasion (326 BC)
- Alexander succeeded his father Philip to the throne of Macedonia in the age of 20 year
- In the 4th Century BC, the Greek and the Iranian fought for the supremacy of the World
- Under the leadership of Alexander of Macedonia the Greek finally destroyed the Iranian Empire
- Reached Ohind near Attock in 326 BC
- Ruler of Taxila & Abhisara submitted but Porus(Puru) refused to do so (Battle of Vitasta/Jhelum/Hydaspes held in 326 BC)
- After a brilliant Victory at Sakala, Greek forces reached the Beas
- Alexander soldiers refused to go any furtherand Alexander had to return from this place
- March back in September 325 BC
- Reached Babylon in 323 BC & Died in the age of 33 year
- After Alexander, Empire split into Macedonia, Babylonia & Egypt
- Effect of Alexander Invasion - Opening the Land & Sea route between India & Europe & First reliable date in early India history (date of Alexander Invasion)
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