Given information about the event of past time.
Two types of historical Sources :
Literary Sources (Impossible to change it) - Indigenous (Religious & Secular) & Foreign
Religious (Brahmonic Hindu Text , Buddhist Text , Jain Text)
Secular (Historical Text , Semi-Historical Text , Biographical Text)
Archaeological Sources(Possible to change in it) - Inscription , Coin & Monuments
Inscription (Study of Inscription - Epigraphy & Person who studied - Epigraphist)
Coin (Study of coin - Numismatics & Person who studied - Numismatist)
Brahmanic (Hindu) Texts
Including Shruti & Smriti texts
Shruti Texts : To hear, handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth
(Samhitas or Vedas , Brahmanas , Aranyakas & Upanishads)
Smriti Texts : Rememberance Literature (Vedangas or Sutras , Smrities , Epic (Ramayana & Mahabharata) and Purans
Vedic Culture (1500 BC - 600 BC)
Founder of Vedic Culture - Aryan
Vedic Culture is a rular culture depend on husbandry
Aryan were migrates from outside :
Max Muller (Germany) - Aryan was coming from Central Asia
Bal Gangadhar Tilak - Aryan was coming from Arctic Region
Dayanand Saraswati - Aryan was coming from Tibetan
Sanskrit - Language of Aryan
Boghazkai Inscription (Asia Minor , Turkey) which mentions Four Vedic Gods - Indra , Varuna , Mitra and Nasatyas
Proves Central Asia Theory as their Homeland
The group that come to India first settled in the present frontier province and the Punjab / Sapta Sindu (region of seven rivers)
After long time they settle in the Valley of the Ganga & the Yamuna river
Vedic Literature (1500 BC - 600 BC)
Four Literary production - Samhitas or Vedas , Brahmanas , Aranyakas & Upanishads
Vedas called Apaurasheya (not created by man but God gifted)
Nitya (existing in all enternity)
First three Rig , Yajur & Sama Vedas are jointly called Vedatrayi (triols of Vedas) & jointly four Vedas called Samhitas
Vedas (Vidi means Knowledge) - divided into two composite time period :
Rig Veda (1500 BC - 1000 BC)
Composing region (Sapta Saindhav Region)
Aitareya and Kaushitiki/Sankhyan Brahmanas attached to it
Oldest text in the World
Also known as "the first testament of Mankind"
Knowledge of Verses (10580 Verses)
Collection of Lyrics and Contain 1028 hymns
Hyms of Rig Vedas were recited by "Hotri"
Divided into 10 Mandalas -
1st & 10th Mandalas added later
Six Mandalas (from 2nd to 7th) are called Gotra/Vamsha Mandalas (Kula Granth)
3rd Mandalas contain Sun God prayer / Gaytri Mantra
10th Mandalas contain Purushasukta (4 Varnas - Brahmana , Kshatriya , Vaishya , Shudra)
Sama Vedas , Yajur Vedas and Atharva Vedas (1100 BC - 600 BC)
Composing region (Kuru Panchala region)
It's also known as Trayi Vidya (three fold knowledge)
Yajur Vedas
Brahmanas - Shatapatha (Oldest & Largest Brahmana) , Taittariya , Brihadaranyaka , Kathallsa , Sveiasvurara
Book of scrificial prayers and it is a Ritual Veda
Hymns were recited by "Adhuaryus"
Divided into two parts - Krishna Yajur Veda & Shukla Yajur Veda
This one is in both Verse and Prose
Sama Veda
Brahmanas - Panchvisha (Tandya Maha Brahmana) , Shadvinsh , Chhandogya , Jaiminaya
Book of Chants and it contain 1549 Verses
All verses (excluding 75) were taken from the Rig Veda
Hymns of the Sama Veda were recited by "Udgatri"
Veda is important for Indian Music/Melody and its contain Dhrupad Raga
Atharva Veda
Brahmanas - Gopatha , Mundaka , Prasana , Mandtkya
Book of Magical formula and fourth and last one
Contain Charms and Spell to word off Evils & Disease
Brahmanas (1000 BC - 600 BC)
Explain the hymns of the Vedas
They are written in Prose and Ritualistics in nature
Brahmanas means "Secrifice"
Aranyaka (1000 BC - 600 BC)
Aranya means "the forest"
It's a forest text because they were written mainly for the hermits & the students livings in jungles
Aranyaka are the concluding portion of the Brahmanas
Upanishads (1000 BC - 500 BC)
Emphasizes the principle of knowledge/Sitting close
The best learning of Upanishads is "Para-Vidya (Spiritual Learning)"
The combined study of Brahmanas & Upanishads provides historical information from "King Parikshit" to "King Bimbisar"
The Upanishads are philosophical texts & generally called "Vedanta"
They came towards the end of the Veda
Total 108 Upanishads (Brihadaranyaka is the Oldest Upanishads)
Literature of Vedic Tradition (600 BC - 600 AD)
Include Vedanges , Smritis Dharmashastras , Mahakavyas (Epics) , Puranas , UpVedas and Shad-Dharshanas
Vedanges (600 BC - 200 AD)
Shiksha (Phonetics) - "Pratishakhya" the oldest text on Phonetics
KalpSutras (Rituals) - Shrauta/Shulva Sutras deal with sacrifices ; Grihya Sutras deal with family ceremonies and Dharma Sutras deal with Varnas, Ashramas
Vyakarana (Grammar) - "Ashtadhyayi" (Panini) the oldest grammer of the world
Nirukta (Etymology) - Nirukta(Yask) based on Nighantu(Kashyap) a collection of difficult Vedic words ; Nighantu the oldest word collection of the world and Nirukta the Oldest dictionary of the world
Chhanda (Metrics) - Chhandasutras (Pingal)
Jyotisha (Astronomy) - Vedanga Jyotisha (Lagadh Muni) the oldest jyotisha text
Smritis (600 BC - 600 AD)
Manu Smriti (Pre-Gupta Period) the oldest Smriti text - Commentators (Vishwarupa , Meghatithi , Gobindraj , Kulluk Bhatt)
Yajnvalkya Smriti (Pre-Gupta Period) - Commentators (Vishwarupa , Jimutvahan - Daybhag , Vijnyaneshwar - Motakshara , Apararka (a king of Shildhar Dynasty)
Narad Smriti - Gupta Period
Parashara Smriti - Gupta Period
Brihaspati Smriti - Gupta Period
Katyayana Smriti - Gupta Period
Mahakavyas / Epics (400 BC - 400 AD)
Ramayans
Valmiki (Sanskrit) and it's also known as "Adi Kavya"
Oldest Epic of the World and it contains 24000 Shlokas/Verses (Originally 6000, Later 12000 and finally 24000) & 10902 Verses
7 Kandas (Section) - 1st and 7th Kandas were the latest additions to the Ramayana
Kandas - Balkaanda (Largest) , Ayodhya Kaanda , Aranya Kaanda , Kishkindha Kaanda (Smallest) , Sundar Kaanda , Lanka Kaanda and Uttar Kaanda
Ramcharitmanas - Tulsidas (Awadhi) ; Persian (Badayuni) and Tamil (Kamban)
Mahabharata
Ved Vyasa (Sanskrit) & Longest epic of the World
Present consists 1,00,000 shlokas (originally 8800 Jay Samhita , Later 24000 Chaturvinahatri Samhita /Bharata)
Girivraja capital of Magadha is mentioned in it and its contain 18 Parvans/Chapter
War between Kauravas & Pandavas of 950 BC in Kurukshetra (18 Days)
Rajm Nama in Persian by Badayuni
Panchala states was existence from the time of Mahabharata
18 Parvans of Mahabharata :
AdiParva - The Book of the Beginning (1-19)
Sabha Parva - The Book of the Assembly Hall (20-28)
Vaha Parva - "Aranyaka" The Book of the Forest (29-44)
Virata Parva - The Book of Virata (45-48)
Udyoga Parva - The Book of Effort (49-59)
Bhishma Parva - The Book of Bhishma (60-64) contain "Bhagavad Gita"
Drona Parva - The Book of Drona (65-72)
Karna Parva - The Book of Karna (73)
Shalya Parva - The Book of Shalya (74-77)
Sauptika Parva - The Book of the Sleeping Warriors (78-80)
Stri Prava - The Book of Woman (81-85)
Shanti Parva - The Book of Peace (86-88) Longest Parvans of Mahabharata
Amishasana Parva - The Book of the Instructions (89-90)
Ashvamedhika Parva - The Book of the Horse sacrifice (91-92)
Ashromavasika Parva - The Book of the Hermitage (93-95)
Mahaprasthanika Parva - The Book of the Great Journey (97)
Svargarohana Parva - The Book of the Ascent to Heaven (98) Least and Smallest
Khila / Harivanasa Parva - The Book of the Geneology of Hari (99)
99-100 - Life of Krishna
Purana
Means "the Old" and total 18 famous Puranas written during Gupta Age in 4th AD
"Matsya Purana" is the oldest Puranic text
Important Puranas are the Bhagavata , The Vishnu , The Vayu , The Brahamnda , The Bhavishya & The Garud Puranas (Genealogies of Purava , Ikshwaku & Brahadrath Dynasty but it date is not definite)
Describe generally 5 Subjects :
Sarga - Creation of Creation of the Word
Pratisarga - Recreation after the dissolution of the Word
Wamsha - Genealogies of gods and rishis
Manvantara - The reigns of the Manus (The First Human)
Vanshanucharitam - Genealogies of Various royal dynasties
Upavedas
The Auxiliary Vedas were traditionally associated with Vedas
Ayurveda (Medicine) associated with Rig Veda
Gandharveda (Music) associated with Sama Veda
Dhanurveda (Archery) associated with Yajur Veda
Shilpveda / Arthaveda (The science of Craft/Wealth - Vishwakarma) associated with Atharva Veda
Shad Darshanas/Philosophy
There are six schools of Indian philosophy known as "Shad Darshanas"
Sankhya Darshana (founder - Kapila) - Basic text (Sankhya Sutra)
Yoga Darshana (founder - Patanjali) - Basic text (Yoga Sutra)
Nyaya Darshana (Akshapada Gautama) - Basic text (Nayaya Sutras)
Vaishisika Darshana (founder - Uluka Kanada) - Basic text (Vaishisika Sutras)
Mimansa /Purva Mimansa Darshana (founder - Jaimini) - Basic text (Purva Mimansa Sutras)
Vedant/Uttar Mimansa (founder - Badarayana) - Basic text (Brahma Sutras /Vedant Sutras)
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